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| module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | website = | footnotes = | box_width = }} Sholem-Shmuel Schwarzbard ((ロシア語:Самуил Исаакович Шварцбурд), ''Samuil Isaakovich Shvartsburd'', (イディッシュ語:שלום-שמואל שװאַרצבאָרד), (フランス語:Samuel (Sholem) Schwarzbard)) (August 18, 1886 – March 3, 1938) was a Russian Yiddish poet of Jewish descent. He served in French and Soviet military, was an anarchist, and is known for the assassination of the Ukrainian national leader Symon Petliura. He wrote poetry in Yiddish under the pen name of ''Baal-Khaloymes'' ((英語:The Dreamer)). ==Early life== Schwarzbard was born in 1886 in Izmail, Bessarabia Governorate, Russian Empire to the Jewish family of Itskhok Shvartsbard and Khaye Vaysberger. His real given name was Sholem. After the proclamation of an order by the Russian Imperial government for all Jews to move out from the region within of the border, his family moved to the town of Balta which is in the southern Podolie region where he grew up. His three older brothers died as children and his mother died whilst he was a child. In 1900, at an early age of 14 he became an apprentice to a watchmaker, Israel Dik. During his apprenticeship in 1903, he became interested in Socialism and began moonlighting as a revolutionary agitator for a group called "Iskra" – probably because of ties to Lenin's journal of the same name. At the time of the first Russian Revolution in 1905, he was based in Kruti, 30 miles north of Balta, where he was employed, in his own words, "fixing Cossack watches". A short time after participating in Jewish self-defense while visiting his father in Balta, he was arrested and served a short stint in Proskurov and Balta prisons. He was released with the general amnesty granted as part of post-revolutionary tsarist "leniency".〔Saul Friedman: ''Pogromchik'', New York (1976), p. 54〕 Fearing further arrests, Schwartzbard stole across the border into Austria-Hungary, where he lived and worked in a number of cities and towns, including the capital, Vienna, and Budapest. There, he was converted to anarchism, a political philosophy, especially the teachings of Kropotkin, to which he would remain loyal the rest of his life. In August 1908, he claimed to have been unwittingly drawn into an anarchist "expropriation" (minor theft) in a small restaurant in Vienna. He was arrested and sentenced to time in a hard-labor prison. Fellow Austrian anarchist, Pierre Ramus, claimed years later that Schwarzbard had probably taken the rap for a comrade, noting the Schwarzbard always donated to the cause and never took from it. After serving his four-month sentence, he was released, but in Budapest (Crown of Hungary), he was again arrested, this time for merely carrying books by Max Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche and admitting to the police that he was an anarchist. He gave his mother's maiden name (Weissberger) to the Vienna police, hoping to keep his real name out of the papers so he could still find work after release. Work did indeed become impossible for Schwarzbard to secure after the arrests, and in dire financial straits, he left Austria-Hungary for Switzerland. In January 1910, at age 23, he settled in Paris and found work with a series of watchmakers. The day before enlisting, he married his girlfriend of three years, Anna Render, a fellow immigrant from Odessa. On August 24, 1914, Schwartzbard and his brother enlisted in the French Foreign Legion. As a legionnaire, he entered the fray in November 1914 and participated in the Second Battle of Artois, near Arras in May 1915. On account of his excellent military record, in early 1915, he was moved to the regular French 363rd ''régiment d’infanterie'' and transferred south to the Vosges Forest. While there, he was shot through the left lung, fracturing his scapula and tearing his brachial plexus. The doctors gave him little hope of surviving the wound, but he slowly improved over the next year and a half until he was in good enough shape to return to Russia. His left arm was left virtually useless,〔Saul Friedman: ''Pogromchik'', New York (1976), p.58〕 and he was awarded the Croix de guerre for his courage in the World War. He was demobilized in August 1917 and in September, traveled with his wife to Russia. On the French boat "Melbourne", he was arrested for communist agitation and was handed over to Russian authorities in Arkhangelsk. He later traveled to Petrograd, where he joined and served in the politically mixed Red Guards (1917–1920).〔Кульчицький Ю. Симон Петлюра і погроми — С. 139〕 Schwartzbard commanded a unit of 90 sabers in the brigade of Grigory Kotovsky.〔(Schwartzbard and the GPU )〕 Schwarzbard fought in two separate campaigns. The first from February to May 1918 with a group thrown together from anarchist volunteers in Odessa called Otriad Rashal, after a charismatic young Bolshevik leader who had been killed in Romania a short time before. Indeed, the unit was formed to defend the Ukrainian frontier against Romanian invasion near Tiraspol, but it was soon being chased eastward by German and Austrian troops into the Steppe, until it was finally betrayed by the Bolsheviks, who killed a number of Schwarzbard's sleeping comrades. Schwarzbard managed to escape and ride the rails back to Odessa, now under German occupation. During the occupation and in the chaos that ensued after the Germans left, Schwarzbard laid low, survived a serious bout with typhus and worked securing facilities and supplies for the newly forming Soviet school system. He had himself tried to establish independent anarchist schools, but was willing to work with the Bolsheviks as they increasingly centralized the school system.〔Saul Friedman: ''Pogromchik'', New York (1976), p.62〕 Hearing news of countless pogroms, Schwarzbard tried to volunteer as a Red Guard Soldier. After many delays, he was finally accepted into an "International Brigade" in June, 1919 and begin his second revolutionary campaign. The next two months were perhaps the worst of his life. His unit suffered defeat to the combined forces of Petlura and Denikin who were uneasy allies at the time. Schwarzbard was in Kiev when both, Ukrainian and White Armies entered, his unit having since been wiped out and disbanded. It was in this period, July–August, 1919 that Schwarzbard witnessed first hand the ruins and human devastation left by pogrom violence—images that would haunt him for the rest of his life. He again managed to ride the rails back to Odessa, where he was betrayed by a fellow anarchist to the White forces in control of the city. Before they could catch him, he found out that as a French war veteran such as himself could catch a ship back to France. In late December, 1919 he boarded the "Nicholas I" () and sailed over Istanbul, Beirut and Port Said back to Marseilles. He was back in Paris by January 21, 1920. In the turmoil that transpired in the period of the Russian Civil War, fourteen members of his family perished in anti-semitic pogroms, including his most beloved uncle, who was killed in Ananiev. The names of all fourteen were listed for his trial in 1926 and can be found in the YIVO Schwarzbard Archive. During this time Sholom Schwartzbard's brother was also expelled from France in 1919 for actively distributing communist propaganda and agitation. In 1920 disillusioned by the willingness of his comrades to prostitute themselves and the revolution for a few rubles〔 Sholom moved back to Paris where he opened a clock-and-watch repair shop. There he was active in the French labor movement as an anarchist, and in 1925 became a French citizen. He was acquainted with prominent anarchist activists who had emigrated from Russia and Ukraine, including such figures as Volin, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, as well as Nestor Makhno and his follower Peter Arshinov. In Paris Schwartzbard also became a member of the "Union of Ukrainian citizens". He contributed a number of articles to New York's anarchist daily "di fraye arbeter shtime" under the pseudonym "Sholem"—his first name, but also Hebrew for "peace," a fact he was quite proud of as an avid fan of Count Lev Tolstoy.〔http://www.sbu.gov.ua/sbu/doccatalog%5Cdocument?id=42156〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sholom Schwartzbard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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